Outdoor exposure in children from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate myopia risk factors, mainly outdoor exposure and reading habits, in a country with low prevalence of myopia (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). METHODS: Consecutive children interviewed in a clinical private practice setting were autorefracted under cycloplegia with cyclopentolate 1%. Their parents consented to fill a questionnaire about schooling, tutorial classes, outdoor exposure, reading habits, and cellphone use, both on weekdays and weekends. The Spanish questionnaire was based on past English questionnaires of myopia clinical trials. The spherical equivalent of the right eye was used for the refractive distribution. The average daily hours spent for each activity were calculated. RESULTS: This study involved 115 children aged 10.48 ±â€¯3.65 years (range 5-18 years), with 56.5% being girls. Children had 8 h of schooling per day in 62.6% of cases, and only 14.8 % had tutorial classes after school. There were 38.3% myopes (<-0.50 D), 24.3% hyperopes (>+2.00 D) and the rest were emmetropes. The mean time that these children spent outdoors per day was 3.94 ±â€¯1.45 h (27.60 ±â€¯10.16 h per week). The total mean time spent reading and writing per day was 1.50 ±â€¯0.98 h, and that spent using cellphones and tablets was 2.43 ±â€¯1.66 h. CONCLUSION: In an environment with low myopia prevalence, children spend almoast 4 h per day outdoors, much more than the usual recommendation of 2 h a day for myopia prevention.

Exposición al aire libre en niños de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina / Outdoor exposure in children from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

Objetivos Evaluar los factores de riesgo de la miopía, principalmente la exposición al aire libre y los hábitos de lectura, en una región con baja prevalencia de miopía (Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina). étodos Los niños entrevistados consecutivamente entre febrero y marzo de 2020 fueron refraccionados bajo cicloplejía con ciclopentolato al 1%. Sus padres consintieron llenar un cuestionario sobre escolaridad, clases extracurriculares, exposición al aire libre, hábitos de lectura y uso del teléfono móvil, tanto entre semana como los fines de semana. Se utilizó el equivalente esférico del ojo derecho para la distribución refractiva. Se calculó el promedio de horas diarias dedicadas a cada actividad. Resultados En este estudio participaron 115 niños de 10,48±3,65 años y el 56,5% eran niñas. Los niños tenían 8h de escolaridad al día en el 62,6% de los casos y solo el 14,8% tenía clases de extracurriculares después de la escuela. Había 38,3% miopes (<−0,50 D), el 24,3% hipermétropes (>+2,00 D) y el resto eran emétropes. El tiempo medio pasado al aire libre por día fue de 3,94±1,45h (27,60±10,16h por semana). El tiempo medio total dedicado a la lectura y a la escritura por día fue de 1,50±0,98h, y el de uso de teléfonos móviles y tabletas fue de 2,43±1,66h. Conclusión En un entorno con baja prevalencia de miopía, los niños pasan al menos 4h diarias al aire libre, mucho más que la recomendación habitual de 2h diarias para la prevención de la miopía (AU)

Objectives To evaluate myopia risk factors, mainly outdoor exposure and reading habits, in a country with low prevalence of myopia (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Methods Consecutive children interviewed in a clinical private practice setting were autorefracted under cycloplegia with cyclopentolate 1%. Their parents consented to fill a questionnaire about schooling, tutorial classes, outdoor exposure, reading habits, and cellphone use, both on weekdays and weekends. The Spanish questionnaire was based on past English questionnaires of myopia clinical trials. The spherical equivalent of the right eye was used for the refractive distribution. The average daily hours spent for each activity were calculated. Result This study involved 115 children aged 10.48±3.65 years (range 5 to 18 years), with 56.5% being girls. Children had 8h of schooling per day in 62.6% of cases, and only 14.8% had tutorial classes after school. There were 38.3% myopes (<−0.50 D), 24.3% hyperopes (>+2.00 D) and the rest were emmetropes. The mean time that these children spent outdoors per day was 3.94±1.45 hs. (27.60±10.16 hs. per week). The total mean time spent reading and writing per day was 1.50±0.98h, and that spent using cellphones and tablets was 2.43±1.66h. Conclusion In an environment with low myopia prevalence, children spend almoast 4hours per day outdoors, much more than the usual recommendation of 2hours a day for myopia prevention (AU)

Indexing the experience of sex change in hypnosis and imagination.

The authors suggested a change of sex to high hypnotizable participants in hypnosis and imagination conditions and indexed the subjects' experiences with a continuous, concurrent behavioral measure that involved them turning a dial to indicate changes in the strength of the suggested effect. In addition, the researchers indexed the participants' experiences through retrospective ratings of realness, involuntariness, and active thinking. The dial rating showed that the onset of the experience was more rapid for hypnotic than for imagination participants. Moreover, there were differences in the relationship between dial ratings and retrospective ratings across the conditions as well as across the suggestion, test, and cancellation phases of the item. The findings are discussed in terms of how the dial method provides a better understanding of suggested sex change as well as a better understanding of the private experience of hypnosis and imagination.